Coupled dynamics of quantized vortices and normal fluid in superfluid He4 based on the lattice Boltzmann method

We investigate the coupled dynamics of quantized vortices and normal fluid in superfluid $^4$He at finite temperatures using a numerical approach based on vortex filament model (VFM) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The LBM allows us to simulate flow with only local operations, i .e., rather than solving Navier--Stokes (NS) equations directly; is considered convection mesoscopic particles between sites grid. Although two-fluid nature He II makes its complex, particle-like treatment significantly reduces complexity. confirm, by comparing results obtained direct NS simulations, that proposed reproduces characteristic structures. also demonstrate computational suitable for thermal counterflow simulation solid boundary elucidate layer near heater closed channel.